Kule ntwasahlobo, ubhubhani we-covid-19 uphinde waphinda wavela kumaphondo amaninzi nakwizixeko, isibhedlele semodyuli, esakha sakhuthazwa njengamava kwihlabathi, singenisa elona nqanaba lolwakhiwo likhulu emva kokuvalwa kweWuhan Leishenshan kunye neHuoshenshan. ezibhedlele.
IKomishoni yezeMpilo yeSizwe (i-NHS) yathi kuyimfuneko ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba kukho izibhedlele ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 zemodyuli kwiphondo ngalinye.Nokuba isibhedlele semodyuli sokhuselo asikakhiwa, kufuneka sibe nesicwangciso sokwakha ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuyimfuneko engxamisekileyo-izibhedlele zethutyana zinokukhiwa kwaye zigqitywe ngeentsuku ezimbini.
Jiao Yahui, umlawuli we-NHC yoLawulo lwezoNyango lwezoNyango uthe kwinkomfa yeendaba ebanjwe yi-State Council's Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism ngo-Matshi 22 ukuba ngoku kukho izibhedlele ze-33 zemodyuli ezisele zakhiwe okanye ziphantsi kolwakhiwo;Izibhedlele eziyi-20 zeemodyuli zakhiwe kwaye ezili-13 zisakhiwa, zineebhedi ezingama-35,000 zizonke.Ezi zibhedlele zethutyana zigxile kakhulu eJilin, Shandong, Yunnan, Hebei, Fujian, Liaoning ...
Isibhedlele semodyuli seChangchun
Isibhedlele sethutyana ngumzekelo omhle woyilo lwexeshana, ixesha lokwakhiwa kwesibhedlele sethutyana alikho ngaphezu kweveki enye ukusuka kuyilo ukuya ekuhanjisweni kokugqibela.
Izibhedlele zethutyana zidlala indima njengebhulorho phakathi kokwahlukaniswa nekhaya kunye nokuya kwizibhedlele ezichongiweyo, kwaye inqande inkcitho yoncedo lwezonyango.
Ngo-2020, izibhedlele ezili-16 zeemodyuli zokhuselo zakhiwa kwisithuba seeveki ezi-3 e-Wuhan, kwaye banyanga abaguli abamalunga ne-12,000 ngenyanga, kwaye bafikelela kwi-zero yokusweleka kwezigulana kunye nosulelo lweziro lwabasebenzi bezonyango.Ukusetyenziswa kwezibhedlele zokwexeshana kuziswe e-United States, eJamani, e-Itali, eSpain nakwamanye amazwe.
Isibhedlele sethutyana esitshintshiweyo ukusuka kwiNkomfa yaseNew York kunye neZiko loMboniso (Umthombo: Dezeen)
Isibhedlele sokwexeshana satshintshwa ukusuka kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya saseBerlin eJamani(Umthombo:Dezeen)
Ukusuka kwiintente zexesha lokufuduka ukuya kwizindlu ze-prefab ezinokubonwa kuyo yonke indawo, ukuya kwizibhedlele zethutyana ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwingxaki yesixeko namhlanje, izakhiwo zexeshana zidlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yoluntu.
Umsebenzi omele ixesha lenguqu kwezoshishino "iLondon Crystal Palace" sisakhiwo sokuqala sexeshana esinokubaluleka kwe-trans-epoch.Ipavilion enkulu yethutyana kuMboniso weHlabathi wonke yenziwe ngentsimbi neglasi.Kuthathe ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-9 ukugqiba.Emva kokuphela, yachithwa kwaye yathunyelwa kwenye indawo, kwaye ukuhlanganiswa kwakhona kwafezekiswa ngempumelelo.
ICrystal Palace, e-UK (Umthombo: Baidu)
Umyili wezakhiwo waseJapan uNoriaki Kurokawa’s Takara Beautilion pavilion kuMboniso weHlabathi wowe-1970 eOsaka, eJapan, wawunemibhobho enesikwere eyayinokususwa okanye isuswe kumathambo esinyithi anqamlezileyo, nto leyo eyayiphawula inyathelo elikhulu eliya phambili kumsebenzi wokwakha wexeshana.
I-Takara Beautilion pavilion (Umthombo: Archdaily)
Namhlanje, izakhiwo zexeshana ezinokwakhiwa ngokukhawuleza zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyo yonke into ukusuka kumakhaya ofakelo lwexeshana ukuya kwinqanaba lethutyana, ukusuka kwiziko loncedo olungxamisekileyo, iindawo zokusebenza zomculo ukuya kwiZithuba zemiboniso.
01 Xa kusehla intlekele, izakhiwo zexeshana zizikhusi zomzimba nomoya
Iintlekele zemvelo eziqatha aziqikeleleki, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo abantu bayayishiya amakhaya abo.Ukujongana neentlekele zendalo kunye nezenziwe ngabantu, izakhiwo zexeshana azilulanga nje ngokuba "ubulumko obukhawulezayo", apho sinokubona ubulumko bokulungiselela imini yemvula kunye noxanduva lwentlalo kunye nokunyamekela koluntu emva koyilo.
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, umyili wezakhiwo waseJapan uShigeru Ban wagxila ekufundeni izakhiwo zexeshana, esebenzisa iityhubhu zephepha ukwenza iindawo zokuhlala zethutyana ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo kwaye zomelele.Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1990, izakhiwo zakhe zephepha zinokubonwa emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya yaseRwanda eAfrika, inyikima yasekobe eJapan, inyikima yaseWenchuan eChina, inyikima yaseHaiti, itsunami kumantla eJapan kunye nezinye iintlekele.Ukongeza kwizindlu zenguqu emva kwentlekele, wada wakha izikolo kunye neecawe ngephepha, ukwakha indawo yokuhlala yokomoya kumaxhoba.Ngo-2014, u-Ban waphumelela ibhaso le-Pritzker le-Architecture.
Indlu yethutyana emva kweNtlekele eSri Lanka (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Isakhiwo sesikolo sexeshana saseChengdu Hualin Primary School (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Icawa yePhepha laseNew Zealand (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Kwimeko ye-COVID-19, uBan uze noyilo olugqwesileyo.Indawo yokuvalela inokwakhiwa ngokudibanisa iityhubhu zephepha kunye nephepha ezinokuthi zihlukanise intsholongwane, kunye neempawu zeendleko eziphantsi, kulula ukuzisebenzisa kwaye kulula ukuzakha.Imveliso isetyenziswe njengendawo yokugonya okwethutyana, indawo yokuhlala yedwa kunye nekhusi e-Ishikawa, eNara nakwezinye iindawo zaseJapan.
(Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Ukongeza kwizakhono zakhe kwiibhubhu zephepha, u-Ban uhlala esebenzisa izitya ezisele zilungele ukwakha izakhiwo.Wasebenzisa iziqulathi ezininzi ukwakha indlu yethutyana yamakhaya angama-188 kumaxhoba aseJapan, ulingo kulwakhiwo lwesikhongozeli esikhulu.Izikhongozeli zibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngeekhreyini kwaye ziqhagamshelwe ngee-twistlocks.
Ngokusekwe kule milinganiselo yemizi-mveliso, izindlu zexeshana zinokwakhiwa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elifutshane kwaye zibe nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-seismic.
(Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Kukho neenzame ezininzi ngabakhi bezakhiwo baseTshayina ukwakha izakhiwo zethutyana emva kweentlekele.
Emva kwenyikima "5.12", umyili wezakhiwo uZhu Jingxiang kwitempile eyibhodlo yendawo yamabanga aphantsi yeSichuan ukuze kwakhiwe isikolo samabanga aphantsi, isikolo esitsha sithatha indawo eyi-450 square metres, itempile yabahlali, kunye namavolontiya angaphezu kwama-30 bakhe, eyona ndawo inkulu yokwakha. isakhiwo umzimba USEBENZISA ukukhanya steel keel, sheet composite gcwalisa do imvulophu kwaye ube nefuthe ukomeleza isakhiwo jikelele, Ngaba ukumelana 10 inyikima.I-insulation kunye nezixhobo zokugcina ubushushu zisetyenziswa ngokubambisana nokwakhiwa kwemigangatho emininzi kunye nokubekwa ngokufanelekileyo kweengcango kunye neWindows ukuqinisekisa ukuba isakhiwo sifudumele ebusika kwaye sipholile ehlotyeni kwaye sinokukhanya okuninzi kwendalo.Kwakamsinyane emva kokusetyenziswa kwesikolo, indawo yokunqumla uloliwe kufuneka isuswe.Ukushukuma koyilo lokuqala kuqinisekisa ukuba isikolo sinokuphinda sakhiwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokuchitha.
((Umthombo:Archdaily)
Umyili wezakhiwo u-Yingjun Xie wayila "iNdlu yeNtsebenziswano", esebenzisa zonke izixhobo ezifumanekayo njengezinto zokwakha, ezifana namasebe, amatye, izityalo, umhlaba kunye nezinye izinto zasekuhlaleni, kwaye uququzelele abahlali bendawo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuyilo kunye nokwakhiwa, ngethemba lokuphumeza ngokuvumelanayo. ubunye besakhiwo, imathiriyeli, indawo, i-aesthetics kunye nengcamango yoyilo oluzinzileyo.Olu hlobo lwesakhiwo sethutyana "segumbi lentsebenziswano" lidlale indima enkulu kulwakhiwo olungxamisekileyo lwasemva kwenyikima.
(Umthombo: Xie Yingying Architects)
02 Izakhiwo zethutyana, amandla amatsha oyilo oluzinzileyo
Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo loguqulo lwemizi-mveliso, ulwakhiwo lwangoku kunye nokufika ngokupheleleyo kwexesha lolwazi, iibhetshi zezakhiwo ezikhulu nezinexabiso eliphezulu ezisisigxina zakhiwe ngexesha elifutshane, okukhokelela kwinkunkuma eninzi yokwakha engenakuphinda isetyenziswe.Inkcitho enkulu yezibonelelo yenze ukuba abantu namhlanje babuze "isigxina" soyilo lwezakhiwo.Umzobi waseJapan u-Toyo Ito wakha wachaza ukuba ulwakhiwo kufuneka lube lukhuni kwaye lube yinto ekhawulezileyo.
Ngeli xesha, iinzuzo zezakhiwo zexeshana zibonakaliswe.Emva kokuba izakhiwo zexeshana zigqibe umsebenzi wazo, aziyi kubangela ingozi kwimeko engqongileyo, ehambelana neemfuno zokukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lwedolophu.
Ngo-2000, uShigeru Ban kunye nomyili wezakhiwo waseJamani uFrei Otto bayila ityhubhu yephepha ene-arched dome ye-Japan Pavilion kuMboniso weHlabathi eHannover, eJamani, nethe yatsala umdla kwihlabathi liphela.Ngenxa yobume bexeshana be-Expo pavilion, i-pavilion yaseJapan iya kudilizwa emva kwexesha lomboniso weenyanga ezintlanu, kwaye umyili uwuthathele ingqalelo umba wokuhlaziya izinto ekuqaleni koyilo.
Ngoko ke, umzimba oyintloko wesakhiwo wenziwe ityhubhu yephepha, ifilimu yephepha kunye nezinye izinto, ezinciphisa umonakalo wokusingqongileyo kwaye ziququzelele ukubuyiswa kwakhona.
I-Japan Pavilion kwi-World Expo eHannover, eJamani (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Kwinkqubo yokucwangcisa iprojekthi yendawo yeofisi yethutyana yeshishini elitsha kwiNdawo eNtsha yaseXiongan, indawo entsha yenqanaba likarhulumente, umyili wezakhiwo uCui Kai wasebenzisa iteknoloji yeekhonteyina ukuhlangabezana neemfuno "zokukhawulezayo" kunye "nexeshana" lokwakha.Iyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa neendawo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno zamva nje zendawo yokusetyenziswa.Ukuba kukho ezinye iimfuno kwixesha elizayo, inokuphinda ilungiswe ukuze ihambelane neendawo ezahlukeneyo.Xa isakhiwo sigqibezela umsebenzi waso osebenzayo ngoku, sinokuchithwa ngokulula kwaye siphinde sisetyenziswe, sidityaniswe kwenye indawo kwaye sisetyenziswe kwakhona.
IProjekthi yeOfisi yeXeshana yeXiongan yeNdawo eNtsha yoShishino (umthombo: iSikolo soBuchule, iYunivesithi yaseTianjin)
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-21, ngokukhululwa kwe "Agenda 21 ye-Olympic Movement: Imidlalo yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo", iMidlalo yeOlimpiki iye yahambelana ngokusondeleyo nombono wophuhliso oluzinzileyo, ngakumbi iiOlimpiki zaseBusika, ezifuna. ukwakhiwa kweendawo zokuphumla zokutyibiliza ezintabeni..Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kweMidlalo, iiOlimpiki zaseBusika zangaphambili zisebenzise inani elikhulu lezakhiwo zesikhashana ukusombulula ingxaki yendawo yemisebenzi yokuncedisa.
Kwi-Olimpiki yasebusika yaseVancouver ye-2010, iNtaba yaseCypress yakha inani elikhulu leentente zexeshana malunga nesakhiwo senkonzo yentsimi yekhephu;kwii-Olimpiki zaseBusika ze-Sochi ze-2014, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90% yezibonelelo zesikhashana zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ze-veneer kunye ne-freestyle;Kwi-Olimpiki yasebusika ye-PyeongChang ye-2018, malunga ne-80% ye-square metres ye-20,000 yendawo yangaphakathi yendawo e-Phoenix Ski Park ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenza kweso siganeko kwakuyizakhiwo zesikhashana.
KwiiOlimpiki zaseBusika zaseBeijing ngo-2022, iYunding Ski Park eChongli, eZhangjiakou yabamba ukhuphiswano lwama-20 kwiindidi ezimbini: ukutyibilika ekhephini ngokukhululekileyo kunye nokuhamba ngekhephu.I-90% yeemfuno zokusebenza zeeOlimpiki zaseBusika zixhomekeke kwizakhiwo zexeshana, malunga ne-22,000 yeemitha ze-Square yesithuba sexeshana, phantse ukufikelela kwinqanaba lebhloko yedolophu encinci.Ezi zakhiwo zexeshana zinciphisa unyawo olusisigxina kwisiza kwaye zikwagcinela indawo eqhubekayo yokusebenza kwendawo yokutyibiliza ekhephini ukuze iguquke kwaye itshintshe.
03 Xa i-architecture ikhululekile kwizithintelo, kuya kubakho amathuba amaninzi
Izakhiwo zexeshana zinobomi obufutshane kwaye zibeka izithintelo ezimbalwa kwindawo kunye nezixhobo, eziza kunika abakhi bezakhiwo indawo yokudlala kunye nokuchaza kwakhona amandla kunye nobuchule bezakhiwo.
Igalari yeSerpentine eLondon, eNgilani, ngokungathandabuzekiyo sesinye sezona zakhiwo zethutyana zimeleyo ehlabathini.ukususela 2000, Igalari yeNyoka igunyazise igcisa lezakhiwo okanye iqela labayili bezakhiwo ukuba bakhe ithala lexeshana lasehlotyeni minyaka le.Indlela yokufumana amathuba amaninzi kwizakhiwo zexeshana sisihloko seSerpentine Gallery kubakhi bezakhiwo.
Umyili wokuqala owamenywa yiGalari yeNyoka kwi-2000 yayinguZaha Hadid.Ingqikelelo yoyilo lukaZaha yayikukuyeka ukumila kwentente yokuqala kwaye achaze kwakhona intsingiselo kunye nomsebenzi wentente.Igalari yomququzeleli weSerpentine Gallery ibiqhuba kwaye ijonge "utshintsho kunye nokuqamba izinto ezintsha" iminyaka emininzi.
(Umthombo:Archdaily)
I-2015 ye-Serpentine Gallery ye-pavilion yesikhashana yagqitywa ngokudibeneyo ngabayili baseSpain uJosé Selgas kunye noLucía Cano.Imisebenzi yabo isebenzisa imibala engqindilili kwaye ifana kakhulu nomntwana, isaphula isimbo esingathandekiyo seminyaka edlulileyo kwaye izisa izinto ezininzi ezimangalisayo ebantwini.Efumana inkuthazo kuhola wendlela engaphantsi komhlaba enabantu abaninzi eLondon, umyili wezakhiwo wayila le pavilion njengentshulube enkulu, apho abantu banokuva ulonwabo lobuntwana njengoko behamba kwisakhiwo sefilimu yeplastiki ekhanyayo.
(Umthombo:Archdaily)
Kwimisebenzi emininzi, izakhiwo zexeshana nazo zinentsingiselo ekhethekileyo.Ngexesha lomnyhadala othi "Burning Man" e-United States ngo-Agasti 2018, umyili wezakhiwo u-Arthur Mamou-Mani wayila itempile ebizwa ngokuba yi "Galaxia", equka i-trusses yemithi engama-20 kwisakhiwo esijikelezayo, njengendalo enkulu.Emva kwesiganeko, ezi zakhiwo zexeshana ziya kudilizwa, njengemifanekiso yesanti ye-mandala kwiBuddhism yaseTibetan, ekhumbuza abantu: xabisa ixesha.
(Umthombo:Archdaily)
Ngo-Okthobha ka-2020, embindini wezixeko ezithathu zaseBeijing, eWuhan naseXiamen, kwakhiwa izindlu ezincinci ezintathu zamaplanga phantse ngephanyazo.Olu lusasazo ngqo lweCCTV's "Reader".Ngexesha losasazo lweentsuku ezintathu olubukhoma kunye neentsuku ezivulekileyo zeeveki ezimbini ezilandelayo, bebonke abantu abangama-672 abavela kwizixeko ezithathu bangene kwindawo yokufunda ngokuvakalayo ukuze bacengceleze.Iikhabhini ezintathu zabona umzuzu xa babephakamisa incwadi kwaye bafunda iintliziyo zabo, kwaye babone intlungu yabo, uvuyo, isibindi kunye nethemba.
Nangona kuthathe ixesha elingaphantsi kweenyanga ezimbini ukusuka kuyilo, ukwakhiwa, ukusetyenziswa ukudiliza, ukubaluleka kobuntu okuziswa sesi sakhiwo sokwexeshana kufanelekile ukuqwalaselwa ngenyameko ngabayili bezakhiwo.
(Umthombo: "Umfundi" weCCTV)
Emva kokubona ezi zakhiwo zexeshana apho ukufudumala, i-radicalism kunye ne-avant-garde zihlala khona, ngaba unokuqonda okutsha kwezakhiwo?
Ixabiso lesakhiwo alikho kwixesha laso lokugcinwa, kodwa ukuba liyanceda okanye liyabakhuthaza abantu.Ngokwale mbono, oko kuboniswa zizakhiwo zexeshana ngumoya wanaphakade.
Mhlawumbi umntwana owayekhuselwe kwisakhiwo sethutyana kwaye ezulazula kwiGalari yeSerpentine unokuba ngophumelele iBhaso lePritzker olandelayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: 21-04-22